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From http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1534419

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The award for the longest name for a person belongs to a German immigrant to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The name he was given at birth, and which somehow fit on his passport was:

(First and "middle" names)
Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert
Irvim John Kenneth Loyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy
Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor Willian Xerxes Yancy
Zeus

(Last name)
Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorffvoralternwareng ewissenhaf
tschaferswesenchafewarenwholgepflegeundsorgfaltigk eitbeschut
zenvonangereifenduchihrraubgiriigfeindewelchevorra lternzwolf
tausendjahresvorandieerscheinenbanderersteerdeemme shedrraums
chiffgebrauchlichtalsseinursprungvonkraftgestartse inlangefah
rthinzwischensternartigraumaufdersuchenachdiestern welshegeha
btbewohnbarplanetenkreisedrehensichundwohinderneur assevanver
standigmenshlichkeittkonntevortpflanzenundsicherfr eunanleben
slamdlichfreudeundruhemitnichteinfurchtvorangreife nvonandere
rintlligentgeschopfsvonhinzwischensternartigraum

Senior

In case you didn't notice, he has one given name for every letter of the alphabet plus his surname. Needless to say, he shortened it, and was commonly known as Mr. Hubert Wolfe, though officially it was said that he signed his name Hubert Blaine Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorff, Sr.

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The longest scientific name for an animal is given to a stratiomyid fly whose Genus and species is:

Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides

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Places

United States

Many people don't realize that the true, original name of Los Angeles, California was:

El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de los Angeles de
Porciúncula

These 55 Spanish letters translate in English to, "The Town of Our Lady the Queen of Angels of the Little Portion." That's quite a long name for a city most of us refer to simply as "LA".

Wales

For quite a long time Wales held the record for the longest place name with 60 characters (59 letters):

Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwyll-llantysiliogogogoch

See also: this and this

This name translates to "The church of St. Mary in the hollow of white hazel trees near the rapid whirlpool by St. Tysilio's of the red cave." It should be noted that there a several web sites using this as part of their domain name.

New Zealand

However, there is a hill near Porangahau in New Zealand based on a Maori name which is more than 50% longer at 92 letters:

Tetaumatawhakatangihangakoauaotamateaurehaeaturipu kapihimaun
gahoronuku pokaiwhenuaakitanarahu

The name translates to "The place where Tamatea, the man with the big knees, who slid, climbed, and swallowed mountains, known as the land-eater, played his flute for his loved one."

Thailand

More amazing still is that the city most of the world refers to as Bangkok, is actually called something else in Thailand:

Krungthepmahanakonbowornratanakosinmahintarayudyay amahadilop
onoparatanarajthaniburiromudomrajniwesmahasatarnam ornpimarna
vatarsatitsakattiyavisanukamphrasit

These 155 letters which truly create longest place name in the world, translates to "The land of angels, the great city of immortality, of devine gems, the great angelic land unconquerable land of nine nobel gems, the royal city, a pleasant capital place of the Royal Palace, eternal land of angels and reincarnated spirits predestined and created by the highest Devas." That's a mouthful! Luckily it is abbreviated for common use.

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Scientific

Scientific words and names can become extremely long very easily, but here is an example of the longest name for an enzyme which has been cited in multiple scientific journals:

methionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamylserylleuc ylphenylal
anylalanylglutaminylleucyllysylglutamylarginyllysy lglutamylg
lycylalanylphenylalanylvalylprolylphenylalanylvaly lthreonyll
eucylglycylaspartylprolylglycylisoleucylglutamylgl utaminylse
rylleucyllysylisoleucylaspartylthreonylleucylisole ucylglutam
ylalanylglycylalanylaspartylalanylleucylglutamylle ucylglycyl
isoleucylprolylphenylalanylserylaspartylprolylleuc ylalanylas
partylglycylprolylthreonylisoleucylglutaminylaspar aginylalan
ylthreonylleucylarginylalanylphenylalanylalanylala nylglycylv
alylthreonylprolylalanylglutaminylcysteinylphenyla lanylgluta
mylmethionylleucylalanylleucylisoleucylarginylglut aminyllysy
lhistidylprolylthreonylisoleucylprolylisoleucylgly cylleucyll
eucylmethionyltyrosylalanylasparaginylleucylvalylp henylalany
lasparaginyllysylglycylisoleucylaspartylglutamylph enylalanyl
tyrosylalanylglutaminylcysteinylglutamyllysylvalyl glycylvaly
laspartylserylvalylleucylvalylalanylaspartylvalylp rolylvalyl
glutaminylglutamylserylalanylprolylphenylalanylarg inylglutam
inylalanylalanylleucylarginylhistidylasparaginylva lylalanylp
rolylisoleucylphenylalanylisoleucylcysteinylprolyl prolylaspa
rtylalanylaspartylaspartylaspartylleucylleucylargi nylglutami
nylisoleucylalanylseryltyrosylglycylarginylglycylt yrosylthre
onyltyrosylleucylleucylserylarginylalanylglycylval ylthreonyl
glycylalanylglutamylasparaginylarginylalanylalanyl leucylprol
ylleucylasparaginylhistidylleucylvalylalanyllysyll eucyllysyl
glutamyltyrosylasparaginylalanylalanylprolylprolyl leucylglut
aminylglycylphenylalanylglycylisoleucylserylalanyl prolylaspa
rtylglutaminylvalyllysylalanylalanylisoleucylaspar tylalanylg
lycylalanylalanylglycylalanylisoleucylserylglycyls erylalanyl
isoleucylvalyllysylisoleucylisoleucylglutamylgluta minylhisti
dylasparaginylisoleucylglutamylprolylglutamyllysyl methionyll
eucylalanylalanylleucyllysylvalylphenylalanylvalyl glutaminyl
prolylmethionyllysylalanylalanylthreonylarginylser ine

This is the expanded name for a tryptophan compound made up of 267 amino acids described with the following chemical composition: C1289H2051N343O375S8